linux
linux 文件复制命令的实现?
一、linux 文件复制命令的实现?
linux复制文件的命令是:cp命令。cp命令可以将指定路径下的文件(目录)拷贝到(成)另一文件或目录中。
cp 命令,主要用来复制文件和目录,同时借助某些选项,还可以实现复制整个目录,以及比对两文件的新旧而予以升级等功能。
cp 命令的基本格式如下:cp [选项] 源文件 目标文件。
选项:-a:相当于 -d、-p、-r 选项的集合,这几个选项我们一一介绍;
-d:如果源文件为软链接(对硬链接无效),则复制出的目标文件也为软链接;
二、php实现linux命令
PHP实现Linux命令
介绍
在Web开发和系统管理中,常常会遇到需要执行Linux命令的情况,而PHP作为一门广泛应用的服务器端脚本语言,也可以通过执行系统命令来实现一些操作。本文将详细介绍如何在PHP脚本中实现执行Linux命令的方法。
方法一:exec函数
PHP中的exec
函数可以用于执行系统命令,并返回最后一行输出。通过该函数,我们可以实现在PHP脚本中调用Linux命令。以下是一个简单的示例:
方法二:shell_exec函数
另一个常用的函数是shell_exec
,该函数会返回命令的输出。与exec
函数不同的是,shell_exec
会返回命令的全部输出,而不仅仅是最后一行。下面是一个使用shell_exec
的示例:
安全性注意事项
在使用PHP执行系统命令时,务必要注意安全性问题,避免被恶意用户利用来执行危险命令。建议在执行命令前对输入参数进行严格的过滤和验证,避免命令注入等安全风险。
示例应用:查看系统负载
一个常见的应用场景是查看服务器的系统负载情况。通过执行类似uptime
或top
命令,可以获取服务器当前的负载情况,并在PHP页面中显示出来。以下是一个简单的示例:
结论
通过exec
和shell_exec
等函数,我们可以在PHP脚本中方便地执行Linux命令,实现一些系统管理和监控的功能。但在使用时要谨慎,确保安全性,以免造成潜在风险。
三、Linux 创建文件命令是如何实现的?
Linux 创建文件命令,也就是touch命令呗~
此命令系统自带,官方提供源文件,请下载官方utilities,查看其源代码,如下:
Coreutils - GNU core utilities源代码可以分为以下几个主要步骤:
- 初始化和解析命令行参数:
使用getopt_long函数解析命令行参数,识别各种选项(如-a,-c,-d,-h,-m,-r,-t等)并设置相应的变量。
- 遍历文件列表并更新时间戳:
对于命令行参数中指定的每个文件,执行以下操作:
a. 尝试打开文件,如果需要创建文件(没有指定-c选项),则创建一个空文件。
b. 根据前面的设置,更新文件的访问和修改时间戳。如果指定了-h选项并且文件是符号链接,那么会更新符号链接本身的时间戳。
c. 关闭文件并记录操作结果。
- 基于所有文件的操作结果返回退出状态:
如果所有文件的时间戳都已成功更新,则返回成功退出状态(EXIT_SUCCESS);否则,返回错误退出状态(EXIT_FAILURE)。
C实现如下:
#include <config.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include "system.h"
#include "argmatch.h"
#include "error.h"
#include "fd-reopen.h"
#include "parse-datetime.h"
#include "posixtm.h"
#include "posixver.h"
#include "quote.h"
#include "stat-time.h"
#include "utimens.h"
/* The official name of this program (e.g., no `g' prefix). */
#define PROGRAM_NAME "touch"
#define AUTHORS \
proper_name ("Paul Rubin"), \
proper_name ("Arnold Robbins"), \
proper_name ("Jim Kingdon"), \
proper_name ("David MacKenzie"), \
proper_name ("Randy Smith")
/* Bitmasks for `change_times'. */
#define CH_ATIME 1
#define CH_MTIME 2
/* Which timestamps to change. */
static int change_times;
/* (-c) If true, don't create if not already there. */
static bool no_create;
/* (-r) If true, use times from a reference file. */
static bool use_ref;
/* (-h) If true, change the times of an existing symlink, if possible. */
static bool no_dereference;
/* If true, the only thing we have to do is change both the
modification and access time to the current time, so we don't
have to own the file, just be able to read and write it.
On some systems, we can do this if we own the file, even though
we have neither read nor write access to it. */
static bool amtime_now;
/* New access and modification times to use when setting time. */
static struct timespec newtime[2];
/* File to use for -r. */
static char *ref_file;
/* For long options that have no equivalent short option, use a
non-character as a pseudo short option, starting with CHAR_MAX + 1. */
enum
{
TIME_OPTION = CHAR_MAX + 1
};
static struct option const longopts[] =
{
{"time", required_argument, NULL, TIME_OPTION},
{"no-create", no_argument, NULL, 'c'},
{"date", required_argument, NULL, 'd'},
{"reference", required_argument, NULL, 'r'},
{"no-dereference", no_argument, NULL, 'h'},
{GETOPT_HELP_OPTION_DECL},
{GETOPT_VERSION_OPTION_DECL},
{NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
};
/* Valid arguments to the `--time' option. */
static char const* const time_args[] =
{
"atime", "access", "use", "mtime", "modify", NULL
};
/* The bits in `change_times' that those arguments set. */
static int const time_masks[] =
{
CH_ATIME, CH_ATIME, CH_ATIME, CH_MTIME, CH_MTIME
};
/* Store into *RESULT the result of interpreting FLEX_DATE as a date,
relative to NOW. If NOW is null, use the current time. */
static void
get_reldate (struct timespec *result,
char const *flex_date, struct timespec const *now)
{
if (! parse_datetime (result, flex_date, now))
error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, _("invalid date format %s"), quote (flex_date));
}
/* Update the time of file FILE according to the options given.
Return true if successful. */
static bool
touch (const char *file)
{
bool ok;
int fd = -1;
int open_errno = 0;
struct timespec const *t = newtime;
if (STREQ (file, "-"))
fd = STDOUT_FILENO;
else if (! (no_create || no_dereference))
{
/* Try to open FILE, creating it if necessary. */
int default_permissions =
S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH;
fd = fd_reopen (STDIN_FILENO, file,
O_WRONLY | O_CREAT | O_NONBLOCK | O_NOCTTY,
default_permissions);
/* Don't save a copy of errno if it's EISDIR, since that would lead
touch to give a bogus diagnostic for e.g., `touch /' (assuming
we don't own / or have write access to it). On Solaris 5.6,
and probably other systems, it is EINVAL. On SunOS4, it's EPERM. */
if (fd == -1 && errno != EISDIR && errno != EINVAL && errno != EPERM)
open_errno = errno;
}
if (change_times != (CH_ATIME | CH_MTIME))
{
/* We're setting only one of the time values. */
if (change_times == CH_MTIME)
newtime[0].tv_nsec = UTIME_OMIT;
else
{
assert (change_times == CH_ATIME);
newtime[1].tv_nsec = UTIME_OMIT;
}
}
if (amtime_now)
{
/* Pass NULL to futimens so it will not fail if we have
write access to the file, but don't own it. */
t = NULL;
}
ok = (fdutimensat (fd, AT_FDCWD, (fd == STDOUT_FILENO ? NULL : file), t,
(no_dereference && fd == -1) ? AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW : 0)
== 0);
if (fd == STDIN_FILENO)
{
if (close (STDIN_FILENO) != 0)
{
error (0, errno, _("closing %s"), quote (file));
return false;
}
}
else if (fd == STDOUT_FILENO)
{
/* Do not diagnose "touch -c - >&-". */
if (!ok && errno == EBADF && no_create)
return true;
}
if (!ok)
{
if (open_errno)
{
/* The wording of this diagnostic should cover at least two cases:
- the file does not exist, but the parent directory is unwritable
- the file exists, but it isn't writable
I think it's not worth trying to distinguish them. */
error (0, open_errno, _("cannot touch %s"), quote (file));
}
else
{
if (no_create && errno == ENOENT)
return true;
error (0, errno, _("setting times of %s"), quote (file));
}
return false;
}
return true;
}
void
usage (int status)
{
if (status != EXIT_SUCCESS)
fprintf (stderr, _("Try `%s --help' for more information.\n"),
program_name);
else
{
printf (_("Usage: %s [OPTION]... FILE...\n"), program_name);
fputs (_("\
Update the access and modification times of each FILE to the current time.\n\
\n\
A FILE argument that does not exist is created empty, unless -c or -h\n\
is supplied.\n\
\n\
A FILE argument string of - is handled specially and causes touch to\n\
change the times of the file associated with standard output.\n\
\n\
"), stdout);
fputs (_("\
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.\n\
"), stdout);
fputs (_("\
-a change only the access time\n\
-c, --no-create do not create any files\n\
-d, --date=STRING parse STRING and use it instead of current time\n\
-f (ignored)\n\
"), stdout);
fputs (_("\
-h, --no-dereference affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced\n\
file (useful only on systems that can change the\n\
timestamps of a symlink)\n\
-m change only the modification time\n\
"), stdout);
fputs (_("\
-r, --reference=FILE use this file's times instead of current time\n\
-t STAMP use [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss] instead of current time\n\
--time=WORD change the specified time:\n\
WORD is access, atime, or use: equivalent to -a\n\
WORD is modify or mtime: equivalent to -m\n\
"), stdout);
fputs (HELP_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
fputs (VERSION_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
fputs (_("\
\n\
Note that the -d and -t options accept different time-date formats.\n\
"), stdout);
emit_ancillary_info ();
}
exit (status);
}
int
main (int argc, char **argv)
{
int c;
bool date_set = false;
bool ok = true;
char const *flex_date = NULL;
initialize_main (&argc, &argv);
set_program_name (argv[0]);
setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
textdomain (PACKAGE);
atexit (close_stdout);
change_times = 0;
no_create = use_ref = false;
while ((c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "acd:fhmr:t:", longopts, NULL)) != -1)
{
switch (c)
{
case 'a':
change_times |= CH_ATIME;
break;
case 'c':
no_create = true;
break;
case 'd':
flex_date = optarg;
break;
case 'f':
break;
case 'h':
no_dereference = true;
break;
case 'm':
change_times |= CH_MTIME;
break;
case 'r':
use_ref = true;
ref_file = optarg;
break;
case 't':
if (! posixtime (&newtime[0].tv_sec, optarg,
PDS_LEADING_YEAR | PDS_CENTURY | PDS_SECONDS))
error (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, _("invalid date format %s"),
quote (optarg));
newtime[0].tv_nsec = 0;
newtime[1] = newtime[0];
date_set = true;
break;
case TIME_OPTION: /* --time */
change_times |= XARGMATCH ("--time", optarg,
time_args, time_masks);
break;
case_GETOPT_HELP_CHAR;
case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR (PROGRAM_NAME, AUTHORS);
default:
usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
if (change_times == 0)
change_times = CH_ATIME | CH_MTIME;
if (date_set && (use_ref || flex_date))
{
error (0, 0, _("cannot specify times from more than one source"));
usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (use_ref)
{
struct stat ref_stats;
/* Don't use (no_dereference?lstat:stat) (args), since stat
might be an object-like macro. */
if (no_dereference ? lstat (ref_file, &ref_stats)
: stat (ref_file, &ref_stats))
error (EXIT_FAILURE, errno,
_("failed to get attributes of %s"), quote (ref_file));
newtime[0] = get_stat_atime (&ref_stats);
newtime[1] = get_stat_mtime (&ref_stats);
date_set = true;
if (flex_date)
{
if (change_times & CH_ATIME)
get_reldate (&newtime[0], flex_date, &newtime[0]);
if (change_times & CH_MTIME)
get_reldate (&newtime[1], flex_date, &newtime[1]);
}
}
else
{
if (flex_date)
{
struct timespec now;
gettime (&now);
get_reldate (&newtime[0], flex_date, &now);
newtime[1] = newtime[0];
date_set = true;
/* If neither -a nor -m is specified, treat "-d now" as if
it were absent; this lets "touch" succeed more often in
the presence of restrictive permissions. */
if (change_times == (CH_ATIME | CH_MTIME)
&& newtime[0].tv_sec == now.tv_sec
&& newtime[0].tv_nsec == now.tv_nsec)
{
/* Check that it really was "-d now", and not a time
stamp that just happens to be the current time. */
struct timespec notnow, notnow1;
notnow.tv_sec = now.tv_sec ^ 1;
notnow.tv_nsec = now.tv_nsec;
get_reldate (¬now1, flex_date, ¬now);
if (notnow1.tv_sec == notnow.tv_sec
&& notnow1.tv_nsec == notnow.tv_nsec)
date_set = false;
}
}
}
/* The obsolete `MMDDhhmm[YY]' form is valid IFF there are
two or more non-option arguments. */
if (!date_set && 2 <= argc - optind && posix2_version () < 200112
&& posixtime (&newtime[0].tv_sec, argv[optind],
PDS_TRAILING_YEAR | PDS_PRE_2000))
{
newtime[0].tv_nsec = 0;
newtime[1] = newtime[0];
date_set = true;
if (! getenv ("POSIXLY_CORRECT"))
{
struct tm const *tm = localtime (&newtime[0].tv_sec);
error (0, 0,
_("warning: `touch %s' is obsolete; use "
"`touch -t %04ld%02d%02d%02d%02d.%02d'"),
argv[optind],
tm->tm_year + 1900L, tm->tm_mon + 1, tm->tm_mday,
tm->tm_hour, tm->tm_min, tm->tm_sec);
}
optind++;
}
if (!date_set)
{
if (change_times == (CH_ATIME | CH_MTIME))
amtime_now = true;
else
newtime[1].tv_nsec = newtime[0].tv_nsec = UTIME_NOW;
}
if (optind == argc)
{
error (0, 0, _("missing file operand"));
usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
}
for (; optind < argc; ++optind)
ok &= touch (argv[optind]);
exit (ok ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE);
}
四、怎么获取linux下压缩zip命令的实现源码?
which distribution are you running ?
如果是debian/ubuntu/mint 之类,以下步骤:
1
apt-get install dpkg-dev
安装dpkg 工具为第4步做准备;
2 which zip
给出zip 命令的full path,比如
/usr/bin/zip
3 dpkg --search /usr/bin/zip
给出该文件所在的安装包名,比如
zip: /usr/bin/zip
说明文件/usr/bin/zip 属于安装包zip ;
4 apt-get source zip
下载安装包对应的源码包;
在执行该目录之前需要使能源码包;
关于如何使能源码包,参考
Where can I find source code for Linux core commands?五、Linux中,用C语言实现write命令?
#include
#include
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
char cmd[200];
if (argc>1)
{
sprintf(cmd,"write %s",argv[1]);
system(cmd);
}
else fprintf(stderr,"ERROR!\nusage: write user [tty]\n");
return 0;
}
六、linux中断命令?
Tab。
这是你不能没有的 Linux 快捷方式。 它将为您节省 Linux 命令行中的大量时间。
只需输入命令、文件名、目录名甚至命令选项,然后单击 Tab 键,它会自动完成您输入的内容,或者会显示所有可能的结果。
Ctrl + C。
这个组合能在终端上中断命令或进程。 按下它将立即停止正在运行的程序。
七、linux 下载命令?
Linux下载命令为wget,它是一个免费的文件下载工具,用来从指定的URL下载文件到本地主机。它支持HTTP和FTP协议,可以被用来抓取大量的网页文件
wget是linux最常用的下载命令, 一般的使用方法是: wget + 空格 + 要下载文件的url路径
例如:
wget http://www.xxxxx.org/xxxx/xxx.tar.gz
简单说一下-c参数, 这个也非常常见, 可以断点续传, 如果不小心终止了, 可以继续使用命令接着下载
wget -c http://www.xxxx.org/xxxx/xxx.tar.gz
下面详细阐述wget的用法:
wget是一个从网络上自动下载文件的自由工具。它支持HTTP,HTTPS和FTP协议,可以使用HTTP代理.
八、linux命令详解?
linux命令是对Linux系统进行管理的命令。对于Linux系统来说,无论是中央处理器、内存、磁盘驱动器、键盘、鼠标,还是用户等都是文件,Linux系统管理的命令是它正常运行的核心。
线上查询及帮助命令(2个)
man:查看命令帮助,命令的词典,更复杂的还有info,但不常用。
help:查看Linux内置命令的帮助,比如cd命令。
九、linux ftp命令?
很高兴回答本问题,此观点仅供参考!
连接ftp服务器。 格式:ftp [hostname| ip-address] (1)在linux命令行下输入: (2)服务器询问你用户名和密码,分别输入用户名和相应密码,待认证通过即可。
下载文件。 下载文件通常用get和mget这两条命令。
格式:get [remote-file] [local-file]
十、linux 休眠命令?
很高兴回答本问题!此观点仅供参考!如有纰漏请尽情斧正!
systemctl reboot 重启机器。
systemctl poweroff 关机。
systemctl suspend 挂起-睡眠-保存在內存。
systemctl hibernate 休眠-断电-保存在硬盘。
systemctl hybrid-sleep 混合休眠模式(同时休眠到硬盘并挂起)
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